ABSTRACT
Background: Even with the massive increase in financial investments in pharmaceutical research over the last decade, the number of new drugs approved has plummeted. As a result, finding new uses for approved pharmaceuticals has become a prominent alternative approach for the pharmaceutical industry. Objective: Drug repurposing or repositioning is a game-changing development in the field of drug research that entails discovering additional uses for previously approved drugs. Methods: In comparison to traditional drug discovery methods, drug repositioning enhances the preclini-cal steps of creating innovative medications by reducing the cost and time of the process. Drug reposition-ing depends heavily on available drug-disease data, so the fast development of available data as well as developed computing skills has resulted in the boosting of various new drug repositioning methods. The main goal of this article is to describe these different methods and approaches for drug repurposing. Results: The article describes the basic concept of drug repurposing, its significance in discovering new medications for various disorders, drug repurposing approaches such as computational and experimental approaches, and previous as well as recent applications of drug repurposing in diseases such as cancer, COVID-19, and orphan diseases. Conclusion: The review also addresses obstacles in drug development using drug repurposing strategies, such as a lack of financing and regulatory concerns and concludes with outlining recommendations for overcoming these challenges. © 2023 Bentham Science Publishers.
ABSTRACT
Information technology can play a vital role in future smart health-care systems. Using information technology, health-care services can be improved. This improvement includes shifting the specialization or department-centric health-care services to patient-centric health-care services. This shift is necessary to have better patient experiences and providing specialized health-care services to many patients with lesser resources. In information technology, the Internet of Things (IoT) is an advanced approach for ensuring this system. In IoT, industrial IoT (IIoT), Internet of nano things, Internet of robots, Internet of patients, and Internet of medical things (IoMT) are some of the concepts important to understand the functionality of smart health-care system. In addition to IoT or its variants, other IoT-associated solutions that include blockchain technology, parallel and distributed computing approaches (cloud/fog/edge), virtualization, cybersecurity, automated software development, and smart infrastructure development have shown great enhancements in recent times. The objective of this work is to explore different information-technology-based solutions that can make a patient-centric smart health-care system feasible in nearby times. In this work, recent developments of IoT that are used to interconnect health-care objects and made technical revolutions will be explored initially. Thereafter, IoT association with other technological approaches will be explored. IoT association with other technical aspects is necessary to understand the IIoT-based health-care solutions. The survey work will start with the integration of IoT technology with blockchain technology to keep the patient data confidential and transparent to authenticated parties. The IoT devices integrated with the patient help in collecting the data which will be stored at some central repository. Here, blockchain maintains data security via cryptography primitives and protocols. The cryptography primitives will provide confidentiality, integrity, authentication, access control, and non-repudiation properties, whereas blockchain technology ensures immutability, transparency, distributed computing and ledger, and data security. In IoT networks, security is a major concern. IoT networks contain both resourceful and resource-constraint devices. Both types of the device-based networks require different security solutions. In any smart healthcare system, both types of device-based solutions are required. This work will discuss feasible cybersecurity solutions for IoT networks useful in smart healthcare systems that are developed in recent times. The feasible cybersecurity solutions will consider health-care infrastructure as cyberspace for collecting, storing, and analyzing data. In a similar but larger infrastructure, a vast amount of parallel and distributed computing approaches are required. In this work, we will be discussing various approaches that are used in recent times for parallel and distributed computing in health-care system. This includes cloud, fog, edge, and message passing interface (MPI)-based approaches. All these approaches are used in recent times at a large scale for IoT-based applications. These approaches will be required to understand and compute various healthcare-related tasks using IoT networks and provide efficient outcomes. Thereafter, data-related technological aspects that include the usage of artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning (ML) will be explored. These aspects will address the recent developments that use AI- and MLbased approaches and are found to be useful in the smart health-care system. In this technological aspect, all associated approaches, including deep learning, reinforcement learning, federated learning, neural network, virtual reality (VR), and augments reality aspects, derived during recent times will be explored. Virtualization has played an important role in reducing the number of resources and improving the services. Thus, a few of the recent aspects in the direction that are associated wi h smart health-care systems are planned to be discussed here. In a smart health-care system or Healthcare 4.0-based technological solution, data privacy and security are other major concerns. The traditional security primitives and protocols are easily breakable with quantum computers. Post-quantum cryptography aspects are required to handle future security aspects. Thus, this will discuss the importance of quantum computations for IoT networks. Further, how post-quantum cryptography will be helpful, recent developments for the health-care system and applications to automated patient-centric services will be discussed. Lastly, robotics and drone-based technological solutions that are recently discussed in the scientific community and important for Healthcare 4.0 or smart health-care system will be explored. This study will briefly explain the recent medical operations and experimentations that are conducted successfully using robots and drones. All the information-technology-based solutions require smart infrastructure. Thus, requirements of smart infrastructure in the smart health-care system which include smart electric supply system, smartphone-based mobile applications, smart medical and pharmaceutical system, smart ambulance and other transportation systems, and smart medical appliances will be explained.. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2022.
ABSTRACT
The corona virus family is massive cluster of countless viruses that cause life- threatening infection in personalities. The novel strain of corona virus i.e. COVID-19 was reported earlier in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. However, corona virus has forged tremendous destruction in the society and declared as pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. So, it is mandatory to recognize the virus early enough and administer conceivably best therapy having sensitive, robust and decisive detection outcomes. In a joint endeavor, scientists all over the world have established evident techniques and test kits for diagnosing, segregating and curing affected individuals but techniques having more sensitivity, authenticity, selectivity, scalability and brisk properties are required. Therefore, in this narrative chapter a new framework is designed i.e. biosensor-based diagnostic approach to detect COVID-19 in comparison with traditional approach used. Distinctively, biosensors like electrochemical (EC) biosensor, surface-plasmon resonance (SPR)- based biosensor, field-effect transistor (FET) biosensor and other portable detection devices are highlighted. Additionally, ongoing extensive challenges and afterward aspects in the progression of new-fangled biosensors in SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis are discussed. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
A novel coronavirus disease, which is transmitted from human to human has quickly become the cause of the current worldwide health crisis. This virus is, also known as SARS coronavirus, belongs to the Coronaviridae family of viruses. The recent outbreak of acute respiratory disorders starting in Wuhan, China is found to be caused by this virus. The condition caused by it, known as COVID-19 has spread very rapidly all over the world, causing so many death. This led WHO on Mar 11, 2020, to designate it as a global pandemic. An update on the history, etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology and preventive methods for COVID-19 such as masking, quarantine, and social distancing are discussed in this paper. Repurposed drugs, antibodies, corticosteroids, vaccination and plasma transfusion, are among the treatments explained in the study. Finally, the study discusses India’s COVID vaccination programme. The major aspects of this entire review are to describe COVID-19 infection, its prevention and treatment approach.
ABSTRACT
Technologies play a vital role in handling the healthcare sector. In the healthcare sector, there are numerous stakeholders. For example, doctors, hospitals, medical equipment suppliers, health insurance providers, medicine producers, medicine suppliers, and other medicine-based services. It has been recently observed in various studies that COVID-19 vaccine preservation and distribution require special requirements. The existing infrastructure and distribution system do not fulfill the requirements of COVID-19 vaccine distribution. Thus, various temporary solutions are adopted in different scenarios to handle it efficiently. This work surveyed the recent developments in COVID-19 vaccine distribution, challenges, and optimization approaches. Here, those solutions are discussed that give importance to technologies for handling COVID-19 vaccine preservation and distribution system. Further, those architectures are emphasized that consider minimizing the healthcare costs and optimize the system performance for efficiently handling different subsystems. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Blended learning incorporates online learning experiences and helps students for meaningful learning through flexible online information and communication technologies, reduced overcrowded classroom presence, and planned teaching and learning experience. This study has conducted surveys of various tools, techniques, frameworks, and models useful for blended learning. This article has prepared a comprehensive survey of student, teacher, and management experiences in blended learning courses during COVID-19 and pre-COVID-19 times. The survey will be useful to faculty members, students, and management to adopt new tools and mindsets for positive outcomes. This work reports on implementing and assessing blended learning at two different universities (University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, India, and Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India). The assessments prepare the benefits and challenges of learning (by students) and teaching (by faculty) blended learning courses with different online learning tools. Additionally, student performance in the traditional and blended learning courses was compared to list the concerns about effectively shifting the face-to-face courses to a blended learning model in emergencies like COVID-19. As a result, it has been observed that blended learning is helpful for school, university, and professional training. A large set of online and e-learning platforms are developed in recent times that can be used in blended learning to improve the learner's abilities. The use of similar tools (Blackboard, CodeTantra, and g suite) has fulfilled the requirements of the two universities, and timely conducted and completed all academic activities during pandemic times.
ABSTRACT
The unexpected development and quick;however, the uncontrolled overall spread of the Coronavirus shows us the disappointment of existing human services observation frameworks to convenient handle general wellbeing crises. In spite of the fact that upgrades in medicinal services observation have been understood, these still miss the mark in forestalling commotion. Absence of important advances taken to guarantee control and following of the infection have bothered the circumstance. Blockchain innovation has progressively been referenced as an instrument to help with different parts of various applications. This paper highlights the role of blockchain in forestalling the future of pandemics. Various use cases of blockchain technology that can help in the battle against the COVID-19 are also highlighted in this paper. © 2020 IEEE.